Phenotypical and genotypical differences among Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis isolates that caused different clinical frames in humans and dogs: A systematic review

Silva, T. F. and Tomiotto-Pellissier, F. and Pasquali, A. K. S. and Pinto-Ferreira, F. and Pavanelli, W. R. and Conchon-Costa, I. and Navarro, I. T. and Caldart, E. T.

Acta Trop (2021) 221: 106018

DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106018

Abstract

Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is an important etiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil. The species causes a large spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans and dogs, ranging from cutaneous, cutaneous diffuse, mucocutaneous, and visceral involvement, however, the factors that drive the development of different disease forms by the same species are not yet fully known. In the present work, it was systematically reviewed the studies addressing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis isolates causing cutaneous and visceral clinical frames in humans and dogs, comparing the results observed. For this, four research databases were searched for the following keywords: (Leishmania amazonensis AND visceral leishmaniasis) AND (tropism OR virulence OR visceralization OR adaptations OR mutation OR clinical presentation OR resistance OR survival OR wide spectrum). The results revealed that the complexity disease seems to involve the combination of genetic factors of the parasite (as modifications in molecules related to the virulence and metabolism) and also of the host’s immune background and status. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism that leads to different clinical manifestations between strains of the same species is still uncertain and future studies must be developed to better elucidate this phenomenon.

Citation

Silva, T. F., Tomiotto-Pellissier, F., Pasquali, A. K. S., Pinto-Ferreira, F., Pavanelli, W. R., Conchon-Costa, I., Navarro, I. T., & Caldart, E. T. (2021). Phenotypical and genotypical differences among Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis isolates that caused different clinical frames in humans and dogs: A systematic review. Acta Trop, 221, 106018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106018 Animals, Humans, Phenotype, Dogs, Genotype, Visceral leishmaniasis, *Leishmania/genetics, *Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology/veterinary, *Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology/veterinary, *Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology/veterinary, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Leishmania amazonensis

Keywords

• Animals
• Humans
• Phenotype
• Dogs
• Genotype
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• *Leishmania/genetics
• *Leishmaniasis
• Cutaneous/immunology/veterinary
• *Leishmaniasis
• Mucocutaneous/immunology/veterinary
• *Leishmaniasis
• Visceral/immunology/veterinary
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Leishmania amazonensis